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Mandarins / tangerines are citrus fruits and trees of the species Citrus reticulata Blanco. They are distinguished from other citrus species by the relatively loose skin of the fruits, the relative ease with which the segments can be separated, and (in most cultivars) the green cotyledons. Most varieties also contain chemical compounds not found in other citrus species: thymol in the leaves and tangeretin in the fruits. Some experts consider the varieties King, Satsuma, Cleopatra and Ponkan to be separate species unto themselves. I have a personal fondness for mandarins. This document is my attempt to organize the information I've found about the surviving, cultivated varieties. If you live in an area that doesn't have hard freezes, you can grow tangerine trees outdoors; they usually require little attention after they have established themselves. My method for installing a potted tree: Pick a sunny site; dig a larger hole than necessary; stir some composted cow manure and just a small dash of slow-release fertilizer containing trace minerals into the soil; replace some of the soil so that the hole is the correct depth for planting the tree. (The rootball's height/depth in relation to the ground surface should be the same after installation as it was in the pot.) Loosen and spread the small roots on the outside of the rootball; insert the tree, fill in the rest of the hole, and water thoroughly while gently tamping down the soil to eliminate air pockets. In colder areas, mandarins can be grown in greenhouses, or in portable containers which are kept outdoors until freezing weather arrives, then brought indoors to a sunlit location. For trees that will have to be wintered in a garage or other unheated area, satsuma on trifoliate rootstock is the best variety. Regarding pest control, the owners of large groves are convinced that it's impossible to grow citrus without frequent use of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. However, many people in Florida grow a few citrus trees around their homes and give them no attention whatsoever: no pesticides, little or no pruning, not even any fertilizer -- and they still enjoy reasonably good harvests. My hypothesis is that the over-use of fertilizer in commercial groves leads to their dependence on pesticides. Over-fertilization causes trees to grow at an unnatural rate, and the tender new growth of citrus is most attractive to aphids, mites and other insects. These insects are the method of transportation of most of the viral diseases that affect citrus. When it comes to flavor, I have sampled about 20 varieties and Dancy is still my favorite. Dancy tends to be tart and acidic in November, has a rich blend of sugars and acids in December, and becomes very sweet by January, assuming the weather has been favorable (a hot summer followed by a cool, dry winter). Dancy seems to reach its peak around the time of the winter solstice; the peel and flesh are very aromatic at that time, and the mix of sugars and acids is complex and delicious. Sunburst and Murcott (for fresh eating) and Page (for juice) are also very worthwhile. Ortanique and Tangerona are very tasty but hard to find. the list of varieties is divided into these categories: Mandarins Tangelos (mandarin X grapefruit/pummelo crosses) Tangors (tangerine X orange crosses) Complex Hybrids Lemandarins (mandarin X lemon crosses) the categories of information include: hardiness = tolerance to cold (the tree, not the fruit); season = a rough guide to when the fruit is ripe (in North America); holds = how well the fruit lasts on the tree after maturing; size, shape, base, apex, etc. = description of fruit.

 

Mandarins variety: Changsha category: mandarin (grows true-to-type from seed) hardiness: very hardy season: early size: small-to-medium flavor: good seeds: numerous notes: resembles Satsuma variety: Clementine (a.k.a. Algerian) category: mandarin (possibly a chance hybrid of unknown parentage) tree: medium, spreading or weeping habit, nearly thornless leaves: dark green above and lighter on underside; dense foliage season: Dec Jan Feb holds: well size: medium, diam. 2 to 2.5, height 2 to 2.75 shape: globose to ovoid, somewhat irregular base: evenly rounded to slightly necked, with radiating furrows apex: depressed axis: large, hollow color: deep orange-red surface: smooth, glossy, slightly pitted rind: medium thick, 1/8 to 3/16, loose oil glands: prominent, large, elliptical, depressions over primary ones segments: 8 to 12, slight adherence pulp: tender, melting, deep orange vesicles: short, broad flavor: sweet seeds: 3 to 8, medium size, oblong to fusiform; embryo pistache green history: discov in Algeria, came to FL 1909 notes: Fruits hold well on tree. Best when pollinated by Dancy, Kinnow, Orlando, Valencia. Produces best fruit in deserts of California and Arizona. variety: Cleopatra (a.k.a. Spice) category: mandarin tree: low, spreading, thornless, dense foliage, attractive leaves: small, dark green season: Jan Feb size: small, up to 2 inch diam. shape: oblate base: flat apex: depressed, generally navel marked color: deep red-orange surface: somewhat rough rind: very loose, up to 1/8 thick oil glands: small, numerous segments: 15 pulp: coarse-grained, orange vesicles: broad, blunt flavor: tart seeds: numerous, small history: came from Jamaica to Florida before 1888 notes: Used as rootstock for other varieties. Possibly identical with Ponki, which is used as a rootstock in Japan. variety: Dancy (a.k.a. Moragne, Bijou) category: mandarin (usually grows true-to-type from seed) hardiness: hardy tree: medium-large, erect, nearly thornless leaves: broadly lanceolate, 3 to 4.75 inches long season: Dec Jan holds: fair size: medium, diam. 2.25 to 3, height 1.5 to 2.125 shape: oblate base: usually necked, more or less corrugated apex: broadly depressed axis: large, hollow color: deep red-orange surface: smooth, glossy rind: thin, 1/8 to 3/16, leathery, easily removed, not baggy until old oil glands: small segments: 10 to 14, easily separated pulp: melting, tender, dark orange vesicles: short, broad, relatively large flavor: rich and sprightly, pleasant aroma seeds: 6 to 20, short, blunt or beaked; cotyledons pistache green history: introduced into cultivation 1871 notes: Does best in Florida. The classic 'Christmas tangerine' enjoyed by many kids and adults through the 1980s. The need to handle the fruit gently, combined with the difficulty of finding pickers willing to work in the second half of December, have caused most grove-owners to replace Dancy with tougher and more convenient varieties. variety: Dweet category: mandarin (hybrid: Dancy x Mediterranean) tree: medium, open habit season: late holds: poorly size: medium-large shape: ovoid with a slight neck color: red-orange rind: adherent flavor: rich seeds: many notes: Does well in coastal and interior California. variety: Encore category: mandarin (hybrid: King x Mediterranean) tree: medium, upright/spreading habit, few or no thorns season: Mar Apr May size: medium holds: well color: yellow-orange, speckled with dark orange spots rind: easily peeled flavor: rich seeds: many history: Introduced by University of California at Riverside. Many consumers mistakenly assume the spots are signs of decay. variety: Fremont category: mandarin (hybrid: Clementine x Ponkan) season: early holds: well flavor: rich history: Developed by J R Furr, released 1964. variety: Honey category: mandarin (hybrid: King x Mediterranean) tree: medium-to-large, vigorous, spreading season: early holds: well size: small to medium color: yellow-orange rind: easily peeled flavor: very sweet seeds: many notes: Beware of name confusion. Murcott tangors are sometimes called "Honey tangerines"; Minneola is a.k.a. "Honeybell." Honey is a commercial variety in California. variety: Iyo category: mandarin season: midseason color: deep orange flavor: juicy, rich notes: Grown in Japan. variety: Kara category: mandarin (hybrid: Owari Satsuma x King) hardiness: sensitive tree: medium, vigorous, spreading, nearly thornless leaves: large, dark green, with drooping habit season: Mar Apr holds: fair size: medium, diam. 2 to 3, height 2.125 to 2.75 shape: medium oblate to nearly globose, often somewhat conical base: often with small neck apex: considerably flattened, often depressed axis: semi-hollow color: orange surface: moderately grained rind: thin-to-medium, 1/8 to 1/5, loose, tough oil glands: numerous, medium size; oil is abundant, aromatic segments: 10 to 13, easily separated pulp: tender, yellow-orange vesicles: medium size, stout flavor: rich flavor, strong pleasant unique aroma seeds: 12 to 20, plump, yellow-tinged or yellow-green cotyledons history: H B Frost, CA Citrus Experiment Station, 1935 notes: Best in interior California. Sometimes grown for its juice. variety: Kincy category: mandarin (hybrid: King x Dancy) notes: distinctive, excellent flavor according to Webber variety: King (a.k.a. King of Siam) category: mandarin (although some call it an orange) hardiness: hardy tree: upright, medium size, relatively open foliage leaves: large, broadly lanceolate, margins slightly crenate season: Mar Apr May size: large, diam. 2.5 to 3.75, height 2.25 to 3.5 shape: oblate to near spherical base: rounded or somewhat necked, wrinkled with short radiating furrows apex: flattened or depressed, marked by characteristic areole axis: large, 0.75 to 1.25, hollow, stellate color: yellow-orange to orange surface: rough and bumpy rind: thick, 3/16 to 5/16, tight but easily removed oil glands: large, depressions over main ones give finely pitted appearance segments: 10 to 12, regular, easily separated pulp: dark orange, tender, melting vesicles: fusiform, medium in size flavor: rich and sprightly seeds: 5 to 15 or more, fusiform, plump, beaked, white cotyledons history: from Saigon to Riverside CA 1880; to Winter Park FL 1882 notes: Susceptible to sun scald due to thin foliage, limb breakage due to over-bearing. Might be identical to Kunenbo grown in Japan. variety: Kinnow category: mandarin (hybrid: King x Willow-leaf) hardiness: very hardy tree: vigorous, large, erect, dense leaves: medium size, rather thin and pliable season: Jan Feb Mar Apr holds: well size: medium, diam. 2.125 to 3, height 2 to 2.5 shape: slightly oblate base: flattened, often slightly depressed apex: flattened, often slightly depressed axis: solid to semi-hollow color: deep yellow-orange surface: smooth, glossy, easily scars rind: thin, 1/8, leathery, fairly easy to peel oil glands: conspicuous, oil is abundant and aromatic segments: 9 to 10, fairly easy to separate pulp: moderately tender, deep yellow-orange vesicles: medium size, stout flavor: rich, high sugar and moderate acid, unique pleasant aroma seeds: 12 to 24, medium size, yellowish cotyledons history: H B Frost, CA Citrus Experiment Station, 1935 variety: Kino Kuni (a.k.a. Kinokuni) category: mandarin tree: compactly headed leaves: small season: Nov Dec size: small to medium shape: flattened oblate base: usually creased or roughened with 4 or 5 ridges apex: broad, shallow depression color: orange to red-orange surface: rough rind: 1/8 inch or thinner, tight but peelable oil glands: conspicuous, depressed segments: 13, irregular pulp: melting, coarse, orange vesicles: short, broad, blunt flavor: sprightly, acidity and sweetness well blended seeds: 13 to 14, top shaped, beaked; green cotyledons variety: Mandalina category: mandarin history: from Lebanon notes: Resembles Dancy but has more seeds, lower quality fruit. variety: Naartje (a.k.a. Natal) category: mandarin season: mid-season size: medium to medium-large rind: strongly adherent seeds: many flavor: rich notes: A commercial variety in South Africa; ships well. variety: Oneco category: mandarin tree: large, vigorous, erect leaves: 2 to 3.125 inches long, fragrant when bruised season: Jan Feb Mar holds: well size: medium to large, diam. 2.5 to 3.5, height 2.25 to 3 shape: oblate to slightly pyriform axis: large, hollow color: yellow-orange rind: thin, 1/8 to 3/16, loose segments: 8 to 12, easily separated pulp: tender, melting, yellow-orange vesicles: medium size, short and broad flavor: sweet seeds: 5 to 12, small, beaked; cotyledons pale green, nearly white history: seed from India 1888; distrib Royal Palm Nursery of Oneco FL notes: "not surpassed in quality by any other... mandarin" - Hume; "resembles the Ponkan closely" - Jackson variety: Ponkan (a.k.a. Warnurco, Chinese Honey Orange, Batangas) category: mandarin hardiness: ? tree: small, upright season: Dec Jan holds: fair size: large, diam. 2.75 to 3.25 shape: globose to oblate base: flattened or somewhat necked, with irregular furrows apex: deeply depressed, with radiating furrows, sometimes with navel axis: large, hollow color: orange surface: smooth or finely papillate rind: medium thick, loosely adherent oil glands: prominent, not uniform segments: 9 to 12, easily separated pulp: tender, bright, near salmon-orange vesicles: large, plump, many attached to side walls flavor: sweet, aromatic seeds: few, small, plump, nearly smooth; green embryos history: from China to FL 1892 notes: Does not ship well. variety: Satsuma (a.k.a. Unshiu) category: mandarin hardiness: very hardy (mature, dormant trees hardy to 12'F) tree: small to medium, spreading, slow-growing leaves: (depends on strain) season: Oct Nov holds: fair size: medium to large shape: oblate to spherical or slightly conical axis: hollow color: orange to yellow-orange surface: slightly rough rind: thin, 1/8 to 3/16, tight but easily peeled oil glands: large and numerous pulp: tender, melting, ochraceous orange or salmon vesicles: broad flavor: good, low acid seeds: few history: originated in Japan circa 1600, Japan to USA 1876 notes: Pulp ripens before rind changes color. There are many different strains, including Owari, Wase, Ikeda, Mikado. Rootstock and soil influence fruit quality. Mutations and throwbacks are common. Often grown on trifoliate stock to accentuate dormancy. variety: Wilking category: mandarin (hybrid: King x Willow-leaf) hardiness: hardy tree: medium, vigorous, columnar, dense leaves: medium size, up to 4.75 inches long season: Jan Feb Mar Apr holds: fair size: medium, diam. 2.125 to 3.125, height 1.75 to 3 shape: oblate base: flattened, slightly if at all depressed apex: flattened, medium-depressed axis: semi-hollow color: deep yellow-orange surface: coarsely grained to nearly smooth rind: thin to medium, 1/8 to 1/6, brittle, loose oil glands: medium size, numerous, conspicuous; oil abundant, aromatic segments: 9 to 13, easily separated pulp: moderately tender, rich yellow-orange vesicles: medium size, stout flavor: rich, good, high sugar, moderate acid, distinctive aroma seeds: 10 to 17, mostly plump, yellow-green cotyledons history: developed by H Frost, CA Citrus Experiment Station, 1935 notes: Alternate-bearing (heavy production every other year). variety: Willow-leaf (a.k.a. Mediterranean, China) category: mandarin (grows true-to-type from seeds) hardiness: hardy tree: small to medium, broad, with fine willowy branches, few thorns leaves: small, narrow, lanceolate season: Nov Dec Jan holds: poorly size: medium, diam. 2 to 2.5, height 1.75 to 2.25 shape: oblate to globose base: variable apex: depressed, slightly wrinkled axis: large, diam. 1/2 to 3/4, hollow color: yellow-orange surface: smooth, glossy, segmentation visible rind: thin, 1/16 to 1/8, loose oil glands: conspicuous, with depressions over primary glands segments: 10 to 12 pulp: tender, orange vesicles: short and plump flavor: sweet, flavorful, distinctly aromatic seeds: 15 to 20 history: from Italy to Louisiana circa 1845 notes: Needs a hot climate for best fruit. Tangelos variety: K-Early category: probably a tangelo season: early -- the earliest mandarin notes: Developed by H J Webber and W T Swingle; never officially introduced by the USDA. Growers sometimes got a high price for early fruit; the fruit is usually of poor quality, low in both sugar and acid, often bitter. variety: Minneola (a.k.a. Honeybell) category: tangelo (Duncan x Dancy) hardiness: hardy tree: medium-large, vigorous, round leaves: dark green, large season: Dec Jan Feb holds: well size: large shape: globose-ovoid with distinct "neck" color: red-orange rind: thick, brittle flavor: rich, tangy seeds: less than 10 on average notes: Most productive when pollinated by other varieties. variety: Orlando (a.k.a. Lake) category: tangelo (Duncan x Dancy) hardiness: "more cold-tolerant than Minneola" tree: dark, distinctively cupped leaves season: Nov Dec Jan size: medium-large, diam. 3.5 color: orange to yellow-orange rind: strongly adherent flavor: mildly sweet history: bred by W T Swingle in 1911, released in 1931 notes: Best when pollinated by Dancy, Clementine, Kinnow, Temple. Will grow in deserts of CA and AZ. variety: Sampson category: tangelo (Dancy x unnamed grapefruit) tree: large, vigorous leaves: glossy, cupped season: Feb Mar Apr holds: well size: medium color: yellow-orange rind: thin, somewhat adherent flavor: acidic, similar to grapefruit seeds: 15 on average history: bred by W T Swingle in 1897 notes: Susceptible to scab. variety: Seminole category: tangelo (Dancy x Duncan) tree: medium to large, vigorous season: Feb Mar Apr holds: fair size: medium-large color: red-orange rind: fairly easy to peel flavor: sprightly, acidic seeds: many (22 average) history: released 1931 notes: Does not require cross-pollination. variety: Thornton category: tangelo season: Dec Jan Feb color: light orange rind: thick, easily peeled flavor: sweet seeds: 15 average history: bred in 1899 by W T Swingle Tangors variety: Ambersweet category: tangor+ ([Clementine x Orlando] x sweet orange) hardiness: moderately hardy tree: upright, moderately vigorous, small thorns season: Oct Nov Dec size: medium, 2.5 to 3.75 in. diam. shape: tapered at stem end, slightly pear-shaped overall surface: rather pebbly rind: moderately thick, easily peeled seeds: highly variable in number depending on pollination history: developed by C. J. Hearn (USDA Orlando), released 1989 notes: Self-pollinating. Attractive to mites. Produces best fruit on Cleopatra or sour orange rootstock. variety: Ellendale category: possibly a tangor season: late size: medium to large shape: oblate to globose color: orange-red seeds: many notes: Grown in Australia. variety: Fallglo category: mandarin (hybrid: Bower x Temple) hardiness: not very hardy tree: moderately vigorous, upright, thornless season: Oct Nov size: medium, 2.75 to 3.25 in. diam. shape: oblate color: deep red-orange rind: 1/8 to 3/16 in thick, easily peeled seeds: 20 to 40 history: bred by P. C. Reese, released by USDA 1987 notes: Resistant to scab fungus; susceptible to aphids; sometimes suffers from twig and limb dieback. variety: Mency category: tangor (Maltese Oval x Dancy) tree: vigorous, productive season: very early flavor: rather sour variety: Murcott category: tangor hardiness: semi-sensitive tree: medium, upright season: Jan Feb size: medium color: yellow-orange surface: smooth and somewhat glossy rind: thin, tight but peelable flavor: sweet, rich seeds: 18 to 24 history: probably the result of Swingle's breeding experiments, the parent tree lost its identification tag in transit to Safety Harbor FL in 1913. notes: Slightly susceptible to scab fungus and xyloporosis. variety: Ortanique category: probably a tangor season: Jan Feb Mar holds: very well size: large, to 4 inches diam., 3 inches high shape: pyramidal base: distinctly necked apex: flat, marked by a distinct raised circular area color: orange surface: rough to slightly pebbled rind: thin, tight, hard flavor: good history: discovered in Jamaica 1920 variety: Tangerona category: tangor hardiness: ? season: Oct Nov size: small, 2.5 to 2.75 inch diameter typical shape: almost spherical except for small flat area at apex base: evenly rounded to slightly necked apex: sometimes has ring-shaped depression around 3/4-in. flattened area color: orange to yellow-orange rind: tight, 1/8 to 3/16 inch thick, tough flavor: good, candy-like seeds: average number history: from Brazil to FL circa 1890 notes: Similar to Page. The juice sometimes produces a slight tingling sensation on the lips. A significant commercial variety for a brief time; it has been made obsolete by larger, more productive varieties. variety: Tankan category: probably a tangor (parents unknown) season: medium to late size: medium to large color: deep orange surface: pebbled or somewhat wrinkled flavor: juicy, rich, sweet history: from southeast China notes: Stores well, ships well. variety: Temple category: probably a tangor (parents unknown) hardiness: tender tree: spreading, bushy, somewhat thorny leaves: medium size season: Jan Feb Mar Apr holds: fair size: medium-large, diam. 2.5 to 3.25, height 2.25 to 2.5 shape: oblate to spherical base: rounded or tapering to a slightly raised neck apex: somewhat depressed or nearly flat, frequently with small navel axis: mainly solid, diam. 3/8 to 1/2 color: orange to red-orange surface: slightly pebbled or rugose rind: medium thick, 1/8 to 3/16, loose and peelable, leathery oil glands: spherical to elliptical segments: 10 to 12 pulp: tender, melting, orange vesicles: medium size, fusiform flavor: rich and spicy seeds: average 20, medium, plump history: originated in Winter Park FL, distrib Buckeye Nurseries 1917 notes: Somewhat susceptible to scab. variety: Umatilla category: tangor (Owari Satsuma x Ruby orange) season: late size: large color: red-orange surface: smooth history: bred by W T Swingle in 1911, released in 1931 notes: Excellent quality. Sometimes incorrectly called a tangelo. Fruit is size and shape of King. Complex Hybrids variety: Fairchild category: hybrid: Clementine x Orlando tree: medium, rounded, dense, nearly thornless season: early holds: fair size: medium-size color: deep orange flavor: sweet, rich seeds: many history: developed by J R Furr, released 1964 notes: Does best in the low deserts of California and Arizona. Needs to be pollinated by other mandarins for best production. variety: Lee category: hybrid: Clementine x Orlando hardiness: hardy season: Oct Nov Dec size: medium, 2.75 to 3 in. diam. shape: oblate color: yellow-orange surface: smooth rind: thin, adherent flavor: good, low acid level seeds: 10 to 25 history: developed by F E Gardner, released by USDA 1959 notes: Pulp ripens before peel develops full orange color. variety: Nova category: hybrid: Clementine x Orlando season: Nov Dec size: medium to large, 2.75 to 3 in. diam. shape: oblate axis: somewhat hollow color: orange surface: slightly pebbly rind: medium-thick, adherent but peelable pulp: deep orange size: medium-large seeds: 1 to 30 (varies depending on pollination) history: developed by F E Gardner, released by USDA in 1964 notes: When grown in Florida, resembles Orlando tangelo. Requires cross pollination from other varieties. variety: Osceola category: hybrid: Clementine x Orlando hardiness: moderately hardy tree: upright, dense foliage, nearly thornless season: Oct Nov holds: poorly size: medium, 2.25 to 2.75 in. diam. color: deep orange to coral-red surface: glossy rind: thin, leathery flavor: tangy, high sugar and high acid (disliked by some) seeds: 15 to 25 seeds history: developed by F E Gardner, released 1959 notes: Cross-pollination from other varieties increases yield. Susceptible to scab fungus. variety: Page category: hybrid: Minneola x Clementine tree: medium, round, dense foliage, few thorns season: Nov Dec Jan holds: well size: small-to-medium shape: nearly spherical color: orange rind: medium-thin, leathery, strongly adherent flavor: rich; "great choice for fresh juice lovers" seeds: variable, 2 to 25 history: developed by Gardner & Bellows (USDA Orlando), released 1963 notes: Produces best fruit when pollinated by other varieties. Good for home orchards due to high quality and long season. Somewhat susceptible to scab fungus disease. Marketed as an orange, although it is technically a mandarin. variety: Robinson category: hybrid: Clementine x Orlando hardiness: moderately hardy tree: dense foliage season: Oct Nov Dec color: yellow-orange to orange size: medium, 2.5 to 3 in. diam. shape: oblate surface: smooth, glossy rind: thin, leathery, easily peeled flavor: mild (often bland) history: developed by Gardner & Bellows, introduced in 1959 notes: Best when pollinated by a tangelo or tangor. Susceptible to twig and stem dieback. Fruit splitting sometimes a problem. variety: Sunburst category: hybrid: Robinson x Osceola hardiness: moderately hardy tree: moderately vigorous, upright and spreading, thornless leaves: dark green season: Nov Dec size: 2.5 to 3 in. diam. shape: oblate with depressed navel axis: somewhat hollow color: dark orange surface: smooth rind: thin, easily peeled segments: 11 to 14 flavor: sweet, complex, with a detectable undertone of grapefruit seeds: 10 to 20, pale green inside history: introduced in 1979, developed by Dr. C. Jack Hearn notes: Best when pollinated by other varieties. Resistant to scab, alternaria and citrus snow scale. Vulnerable to citrus rust mite and Texas citrus mite. variety: Wekiwa category: hybrid: Sampson x unidentified grapefruit hardiness: moderately hardy season: Dec Jan Feb color: yellow pulp: pink! flavor: significantly grapefruit-like Lemandarins variety: Owarbon category: lemandarin/tangemon (Owari Satsuma x Lisbon lemon) surface: rough pulp: tender, juicy flavor: tart, aromatic seeds: few bibliography Hume, H. Harold Citrus fruits and their culture 1904 Jackson, Larry K. Citrus growing in Florida 3rd edition, University of Florida Press, 1991 Jackson, L. K. & Futch, S. H. Facts about specialty citrus characteristics in: Citrus Industry, Jan 1994, Feb 1994 Ray, R. and Walheim, L. Citrus -- how to select, grow and enjoy H P Books, 1980 Sturrock, David Fruits for southern Florida Southeastern Printing Co, 1959 Webber & Batchelor, editors; The citrus industry -- history, botany and breeding University of California, 1943