Bibliography of Planned Languages

copyright 1992-2002 by Richard K. Harrison
Perhaps plagiarism is a form of flattery, but I would like to ask the Auxilingua web site to stop flattering me.

Introduction

During the past three or four centuries, proposals for hundreds of planned languages have been published, and some of these projects have managed to attract a number of followers. Many of these language designs are very interesting from a linguistic, aesthetic, philosophical or psychological point of view. Unfortunately, it is often very difficult to find information about planned langauges other than Esperanto. I have compiled this bibliography in hopes of making such information more accessible.

In 1992 I self-published the hardcopy edition of Bibliography of Planned Languages (excluding Esperanto). That is now a fairly rare item, with only 30 copies in existence; even I don't have a copy of it. Fortunately the worldwide web was invented in the mid-1990s and I can now make this information available to more people at little cost to myself and the users. This web version of the bibliography is not a static document; I will periodically update and edit the data, striving to add new publications and to focus more on items that are actually available.

I have not tried to copy every reference from every bibliography that has ever been published on this topic. For the most part, I have limited the items included here to those which could actually be obtained with a reasonable amount of effort, and those which are well-known or historically important within the constructed language milieu. If you want to see long lists of booklets and pamphlets that you will never be able to obtain, get the Stojan and Dulichenko books referenced below. This bibliography focuses almost exclusively on books and booklets rather than periodicals, due to the longer lifespan of books and their greater availability through Inter-Library Loan and used book dealers.

Obtaining the materials listed here ranges from easy to nearly impossible, depending on the item. If a book or brochure is listed in this bibliography with a "call number," i.e. a Dewey decimal number or Library of Congress classification number, that particular item is likely to be available via Inter-Library Loan; your local library will probably be able to obtain it for you if it participates in the Inter-Library Loan system. In some cases I have indicated the relative number of libraries that possess copies of a book, to assist you in making Inter-Library Loan requests, but of course your librarian will have to use the appropriate computer network to locate and obtain a copy for you.

A handful of the items listed here are still in print and available from bookstores.

Older items (with expired copyrights) can often be obtained by requesting photo-copies from other constructed language enthusiasts.

If you have any obscure books or brochures about constructed languages in your possession, please store them in a cool, dry location, away from sunlight. Please make arrangements in your will to bequeath these items to someone who will care for them. Unfortunately librarians go through fads and trends, just like any other profession, and in the past few decades many librarians have “weeded out” (sold or discarded) obscure old books that were rarely checked out, including some constructed language books. Sometimes a library's copy of a book will wear out or be stolen. So, it is not realistic to expect libraries to preserve the whole corpus of published language designs. It is up to us, as networked individuals, to preserve the data and make it available to those who desire it.

This section lists materials that pertain to language creation in general, the history of planned languages, criticism and comparison of various projects, bibliographies, etc.

Barnes, Myra Edwards
Linguistics and languages in science fiction - fantasy
New York: Arno Press, 1974 (196 p.)
PS 374.S35
held by numerous libraries

Bausani, Alessandro
Le lingue inventate. Linguaggi artificiali, linguaggi segreti, linguaggi universali
Roma: Ubaldini, 1974 (151 p.)
PM 8008.B34

Blanke, Detlev
Internationale Plansprachen, eine Einfuehrung
Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1985 (408 p.)
PM 8008.B53
[a well-organized overview, somewhat pro-Esperanto]

Bodmer, Frederick
The loom of language
New York: Norton, 1985
P 106.B583
[includes an opinionated introduction to the international auxiliary language milieu]
held by numerous libraries and used book dealers

Burney, Pierre
Les langues internationales
Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962, 1966 (128 p.)
PM 8005.B8

Cornelius, Paul Edwin (1933- )
Languages in seventeenth and early eighteenth century imaginary voyages
Geneve: Librairie Droz, 1965 (175 p.)
PM 8009.C6
held by numerous libraries

Couturat, Louis + Leau, Leopold
Histoire de la langue universelle
Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1903, 1907 (576+ p.)
Hildesheim: Olms, 1979 (3rd edition)
PM 8009.C68
[Gives brief descriptions of Solresol, Langue universelle et analytique, Lingualumina, Langue internationale e'tymologique, Langue naturelle, Spokil, Zahlensprache, Voelkerverkehrssprache, Volapuek, Nal Bino, Bopal, Spelin, Dil, Balta, Orba, Veltparl, Dilpok, Langue bleue, Langue nouvelle, Pantos-dimou-glossa, Universal-Sprache, Weltsprache, Langue internationale ne'o-latine, Passilingua, Esperanto, Lingua franca nuova, Kosmos, Lingua, Latinesce, Anglo-Franca, Myrana, Communia, Nov latin, Mundolingue, Langue catholique, Antivolapuek, Universala, Novilatin, Nuove-roman, Lingua komun, Idiom neutral, Linguum islianum, Reform-Latein.]

Drezen, Ernest Karlovich (1900- )
Historio de la mondolingvo
Leipzig: 1931 (240 p.)
Oosaka: 1967
499.99
[this book reportedly contains many errors]

Dulichenko, Aleksandr D.
Mezhdunarodnye vspomogatel'nye yazyki
Tallinn [Estonia]: Valgus, 1990 (448 p.)
ISBN 5440000224
[chronological list of 900+ projects with brief descriptions]

Fraser, Russell A.
The Language of Adam: on the limits and systems of discourse
New York: Columbia University Press, 1977
P 106.F7
held by numerous libraries and used book dealers

Gilbert, William
Problems of languages planned for international use: Esperanto and naturalistic projects
[Indiana]: Charters, 1971 (48 p.)
PM 8008
held by University of Wisconsin (Milwaukee) and Principia College

Guerard, Albert Leon
A short history of the international language movement
London: Unwin, 1922 (268 p.)
Westport [Connecticut]: Hyperion, 1979
PM 8008.G75
held by numerous libraries

Haupenthal, Reinhard [editor]
Plansprachen
Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchsellgeschaft, 1976 (365 p.)
PM 8008.P5

Jacob, Henry
A planned auxiliary language
London: Dobson, 1947
PM 8008.J2
[examines Ido, Esperanto, Occidental, Latino sine flexione, and Novial]
held by numerous libraries

Knowlson, James R.
Universal language schemes in England and France 1600-1800
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975 (301 p.)
PM 8009.K57
held by numerous libraries

Large, J. A.
The foreign-language barrier: problems in scientific communication
London: Deutsch, 1983
held by numerous libraries

Large, Andrew
The artificial language movement
Oxford & New York: Blackwell, 1985, 1987 (239 p.)
PM 8008
held by numerous libraries

Macaulay, Thomas C. (1871- )
Interlanguage
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930 (453+ p.)
PM 8008.M2
[with an introduction by Elizabeth Daryush]
held by several libraries

Manders, Wilhelmus Johannes Arnoldus
Vijf kunsttalen
Purmerend: Muusses, 1947 (386 p.)
PM 8008.M36
[examines Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Occidental, Novial]

Meyers, Walter E.
Aliens and linguists. Language study and science fiction.
Athens [Georgia]: University of Georgia Press, 1980
ISBN: 0820304875

Monnerot-Dumaine, M. [Marcel]
Precis d'interlinguistique generale et speciale
Paris: Librairie Maloine, 1960 (208 p.)
499.99 M753p

Noel, Ruth S.
The languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth
Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1980 (207 p.)
[unreliable, according to some serious students of Tolkien's work]

Pankhurst, E. Sylvia
Delphos: the future of international language
London: Trubner, 1927 (95 p.)
PM 8008.P3
held by several libraries

Pei, Mario (1901- )
One language for the world, and how to achieve it
New York: Devin-Adair, 1958 (291 p.)
held by numerous libraries
[also on phonograph record from Folkways Records, 1961]

Ronai, Paulo
Homens contra Babel: passado, presente e futuro das linguas artificiasi
Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1964 (161 p.)
PM 8009.R6

Sack, Friedrich L.
The problem of an international language
Washington & Edinburgh: 1951 (35 p.)
PM 8008
held by several libraries

Schubert, Klaus (editor)
Interlinguistics: aspects of the science of planned languages
New York & Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989 (348 p.)
PM 8004.I58
held by numerous libraries

Shenton, Herbert N. + Sapir, E. + Jespersen, Otto
International communication: a symposium on the language problem
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: 1931
PM 8008.I6

Slaughter, Mary M.
Universal languages and scientific taxonomy in the seventeenth century
Cambridge University Press, 1982
PM 8009.S77
held by numerous libraries

Stojan, Petr E.
Bibliografio de internacia lingvo
Geneva: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1929
Z 7123.S87
[about two-thirds is devoted to Esperanto; the rest is a list of items about cryptography, general linguistics, and other planned languages]

Stojan, Petr E.
Bibliografio de internacia lingvo kun bibliografia aldono de R. Haupenthal
Hildesheim & New York: Olms, 1973
[a reprint of the 1929 edition, with a “bibliografia aldono” which is merely a one-page list of Esperanto-oriented bibliographies]

Yaguello, Marina
Les foux de langage: des langues imaginaires et de leurs inventeurs
Paris: Editions de Seuil, 1984

Yaguello, Marina
Lunatic lovers of language: imaginary languages and their inventors
London: Athlone Press, 1991
499.99
[shallow and somewhat insulting]

A constructed language is classified as a priori or sui generis when its vocabulary is newly invented, rather than being borrowed from existing languages. The mixed type languages are those which use a blend of borrowed and newly invented words, or which borrow words from a wide variety of sources and transform them in various ways. Philosophical languages are a priori projects in which the letters of a word indicate its category of meaning; for example, all words pertaining to liquids might begin with the letter L.

The strength of a priori languages lies in their systematic methods of word creation and derivation. While many of the a posteriori languages are monotonously similar to each other, the a priori and mixed languages often show great creativity.

The first planned language to attract more than a handful of followers was Volapük, invented by a German priest named Johann Martin Schleyer. By 1889, there were about 300 Volapük societies or clubs in existence, and 1600 persons had earned the Volapük diploma certifying their competence in the language. Between 200,000 and one million people had some knowledge of Volapük. But eleven years later, at the turn of the century, the number of organized Volapükists had dropped below 1000 and Volapük seemed to be on its way to extinction. However the language still has fans, and there have been waves of increased interest from time to time.

In the 1920s, Arie de Jong proposed some simplifications and reforms to Volapük's grammar and vocabulary. This modern form of the language is currently the most popular. (However, most of the readily available books pre-date the reforms.)

Web pages: A treasure trove of text in and about Volapük can be found at personal.southern.edu/~caviness//Volapuk/ Finally, a visit to a good search engine, using a search term such as Volapük language or Volapük Schleyer may yield additional information.

Deiler, J. Hanno
Volapük: short grammar with aids to memory
New Orleans: 1888 (15 p.)
PM 8953.D5x
held by four libraries in the US

Hain, Heinrich M.
A complete grammar of Volapük, containing a lecture;
grammar, with numerous examples; exercises, stories, letters, with key;
also conversation, and a vocabulary of 5,000 words.
London: Carr and Co., 1888 (209 p.)
held by Yale University Library

Haupenthal, Reinhard
Der erste Volapük-Kongress, Friedrichshafen 1884. Dokumente und Kommentare.
Saarbrücken: 1984 (118 p.)

Huebsch, Samuel
Volapük -- a guide for learning the universal language
New York: 1887 (47 p.)
PM 8953.H83
held by several libraries

de Jong, Arie (1865- )
Wörterbuch der weltsprache. Vodabuk Volapüka pro Deutanapukans.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1931 (494 p.)
PM 8955.J6

de Jong, Arie
Gramat Volapüka. Dabükot balid pelautöl nämaätü e zepü kadäm Volapüka
Leiden: 1931 (113 p.)
PM 8953.J73

Kerckhoffs, Auguste (1835-1903)
Cours complet de Volapük
Paris: 1886 (144 p.)
PM 8953.K39

Kerckhoffs, A. & Harrison, I. H.
International commercial language. Complete course of Volapük...
Paris: Hachette, 1888 (177 p.)
[on microfiche, Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey Ltd., 1988]
held by several libraries

Kerckhoffs, Auguste [translated by Karl Dornbusch]
Abridged grammar of Volapük, by Prof. Kerckhoffs
Chicago: L. Schick / S. R. Winchell, 1888 (23 p.)
PM 8952.K4x
held by several libraries

Kirchhoff, Alfred (1838-1907)
Volapük. Hilfsbuch zum schnellen und leichten Erlernen...
Halle: Waisenhaus, 1887 (48 p.)

Kirchhoff, Alfred
Volapük, or Universal language: a short grammatical course
London: S. Sonnenschein, 1888 (47 p.)
408.915 K632

Kniele, Rupert
Das erste Jahrzehnt der Weltsprache Volapük
Saarbrücken: Iltis-Verlag, 1989 (167 p.)
ISBN 3-927613-12-6

Lambert, Louis A.
A grammar of Volapük : An adaptation of Prof. Kerckhoffs' Cours complet
New York: Russell Brothers, 1888 (151 p.)
PM 8953.K47
held by a few libraries

Linderfelt, Klas August
Volapük, an easy method of acquiring the universal language constructed
   by Johann Martin Schleyer, prepared for the English-speaking public on
   the basis of Alfred Kirchhoff's Hilfsbuch, with the addition of a key to
   the exercises and a Volapuk-English and English-Volapuk vocabulary.
Milwaukee: Caspar, 1888 (130 p.)
held by several libraries

Rellye, John
Dictionary of the English and Volapük languages
Chicago: L. Schick, 1888 (199 p.)
PM 8956.R45

Schleyer, Johann Martin (1831-1912)
Volapük die Weltsprache - Entwurf einer Universalsprache...
Sigmaringen: 1880 (136 p.)
Hildesheim and New York: Olms, 1982 (reprint)
reprint ISBN 3-487-07278-5

Schleyer, Johann M + Seret, W. A. [translator]
Grammar with vocabularies of Volapük (the language of the world)
for all speakers of the English language.
London, 1887 (420 p.)
PM 8953.S35
held by several libraries

Schleyer, Johann Martin
Grosses Woerterbuch der Weltsprache - Vödasbuk Volapüka
Konstanz: 1892 (4th edition)

Schmidt, Johann
Erste vollständige Zeitschriftenliste des Volapük und Literatur-Liste:
Unua kompleta listo de Volapük-gazetoj kaj Listo de la Volapük-literaturo
Saarbrücken: Iltis, 1981 (4+56+9 p.)

Sprague, Charles Ezra
Hand-book of Volapük, the international language
New York: The Office Company, 1888 (119 p.)
PM 8953.S7
held by numerous libraries and always available in the used book market

Wood, Marshall W. (1846- )
Dictionary of Volapük: Volapük-English, English-Volapük
New York: Sprague; London: Trubner, 1889 (398 p.)
PM 8956.W6
held by numerous libraries

Language designs that attempt to embody predicate calculus or other forms of mathematical logic are classified as logical languages. These projects tend to focus more than others on attempts to eliminate ambiguity and they usually strive to have syntax that is easily processed by computers. They also reflect the somewhat nerdy subculture from which they come; for example, most of them do not have a basic vocabulary word that means “sports” or “athletics,” but they do allocate basic words to mathematical terminology.

Loglan became famous in 1960 when James Cooke Brown's outline of the idea was published in the June edition of Scientific American. The Loglan Institute is on the web at www.loglan.org. The slow development of Loglan and some other issues motivated a splinter group to create their own version, called Lojban, which is on the web at www.lojban.org. Both of these websites list books, pamphlets, newsletters and (of course) computer software that can be obtained by mail order. Although Loglan and Lojban are the only logical languages that have managed to publish books, there are several similar projects documented on the worldwide web.

Brown, James Cooke
Loglan 4 & 5: a Loglan-English/English-Loglan dictionary
Gainesville [Florida]: Loglan Institute, 1975 (2nd edition, 510 p.)
held by several libraries

Brown, James Cooke & Brown, Lujoye Fuller
Loglan 3: speaking Loglan: programmed textbook on the phonology,
basic vocabulary, and grammar of the simple Loglan sentence
University Microfilms, 1981 / Loglan Institute, 198?
held by Stanford University and Cornell University

Brown, James Cooke
Loglan 1: a logical language
Gainesville [Florida]: Loglan Institute, 1989 (4th edition, 599 p.)
full text online
held by many libraries

Brown, James Cooke
Notebook 3: the present state of the Loglan language
San Diego: Loglan Institute, 1987 (217 p.)

Cowan, John Woldemar
The complete Lojban language
Fairfax, Virginia: Logical Language Group, 1997 (608 p.)
ISBN: 0966028309
held by several libraries

The Klingon language was designed by linguist Mark Okrand for use in the 1984 movie Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. The language is extremely different from English and the major European tongues; its phonemic inventory, grammar and OVS syntax are all quite unusual, and the available vocabulary was quite limited at first. Many people love a challenge, of course, and some fans formed the Klingon Language Institute to foster the development of the language. Their website at www.kli.org offers the latest information in several earthly languages. Major literary works are being translated into Klingon and there are newsletters for the publication of original texts.

Okrand, Marc (1948- )
The Klingon dictionary
Pocket Books, 1985, 1992
PN 1997
readily available from used book dealers; held by many libraries

Okrand, Marc
Star Trek: Conversational Klingon
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992
[audio tape]
ISBN: 0671797395

Okrand, Marc & Levine, Barry
Power Klingon: Mastering the Language of Warriors
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993
[audio tape]
ISBN: 0671879758

Okrand, Marc
Star Trek: Klingon for the galactic traveler
Pocket Books, 1997
ISBN: 0671009958

Shakespeare, William; Nicholas, Nick & Strader, Andrew [translators]
The Klingon Hamlet: The Restored Klingon Version
Pocket Books, 2000 (revised edition)
ISBN: 0671035789
held by many libraries

Cheesbro, Roger [translator]
ghIlghameS
Wildside Press, 2000 (148 p.)
ISBN: 1587153386
[translation of Gilgamesh into Klingon]

Ro was a philosophical language. Like Volapük, it was designed by a cleric who started with the idea of a phonetic writing system and eventually switched to creating a full-blown language. A detailed description is available at www.rickharrison.com/language/ro.html

Foster, Edward P.
Ru ro, outline of the universal language
Marietta, Ohio: World-Speech Press, 1913 (96 p.)
held by a few libraries

Foster, Edward P.
Dictionary of Ro the world language
Marietta, Ohio: World-Speech Press, 1919 (72 p.)
held by several libraries

Foster, Edward P.
Roap, English key to Ro
Waverly, West Virginia: Ro Language Society, 1921 (32 p.)
held by a few libraries

Foster, Edward P.
Alphabet of ideas, or dictionary of Ro the world language
Waverly, West Virginia: Roia, 1928 (160 p.)
PM 8751.F5
[a categorical philosophical language]
held by several libraries

Foster, Edward P.
Ro-Latin-English vocabularium dictionary
Waverly, West Virginia: Roia, 1931
PM 8751.F31
held by Michigan State University and New York Pub. Libr. Res. Library

Solresol used the seven notes of the musical scale as its phonemes. Single-note and two-note words were pronouns and particles; the most common words were three notes long; and less common words would be four- or five-note melodies. The general idea of Solresol delighted many people and enjoyed some popularity throughout the 19th century, although I am not certain that conversation or correspondence in Solresol ever actually happened. Modern fans of Solresol have created a few web pages which you can find by means of any good search engine. The two known books about this project were maddeningly difficult to locate for several decades but the Gajewski book is now on the web.

Gajewski, Boleslas
Grammaire du Solresol, ou langue universelle de Fr. Sudre
Paris: 1902 (44 p.)
online text: original French and translated into English

Sudre, Jean Francois (1798-1866)
Langue musicale universelle
Paris: 1866 (480+ p.)
PM 8008.S94

A detailed description of Suma is available at www.rickharrison.com/language/suma.html

Russell, Barnett
Suma phrase dictionary, the 1000-word universal language
Gordena, California: 1957
PM 8840.R86
held by several libraries

Russell, Barnett
Suma: a neutral world language
Plainview, New York: 3rd edition, 1966 (118 p.)
held by many libraries

Russell, Barnett
Deutscher Schlüssel zu Suma, eine Neutrale Weltsprache
Plainview, New York: 1966 (28 p.)
held by several libraries

Russell, Barnett
Hundred Suma words in fairy tales
1967 (27 p.)
held by University of California L.A.

Andrews, Stephen Pearl (1812-1886)
The primary synopsis of Universology and Alwato, the new
scientific universal language
New York: Dion Thomas, 1871
Weston [Massachusetts]: M & S Press, 1971 (224+ p.)
[a philosphical language]
held by many libraries

Barker, Muhammad Ab-dal-Rahman
The Tsolyani language
Minneapolis: Barker, 1978
PM 8875.B37
[a language for a fictitious culture, described in great detail]
held by a few libraries

Bauer, Georg
Spelin: a universal language
New York: Strauss, 1889 (28 p.)
PM 8802.B384
[yaz = man, yoz = woman, yuz = child. Paternoster: Pat isel ka bi ni sielos, nom el zi bi santed, krol el zi komi, vol el zi bi faked kefe ni siel efe su sium.]
held by a few libraries

Delormel, Jean
Projet d'une langue universelle presente a la convention nationale
Paris: 1795 (50 p.)
PM 8008.D44
[ava = grammar, alve = vowel, adve = consonant, alzeve = diphthong]

Dietrich, C.
Grundlagen der Völkerverkehrssprache
Dresden: Kuehtmann, 1902 (70 p.)
[Numbers 1-5: tiz, tez, taz, toz, tuz; im = I, em = you]

Donoghue, Timothy J.
Geoglot, a world tongue for travel and commercial use
Boston: International Geoglot Bureau, 1916 (22 p.)
[mixed type]

Dutton, Reginald John Garfield
Teach Yourself Dutton Speedwords
Teach Yourself Books, 1951
English Universities Press, 1971 [revised]
[A mixed type project having a vocabulary of 493 very brief roots. Sample: Gra v ai f l if qu v h guv da a ji mer cdex = "Thank you also for the information which you have kindly given to my mother tonight."]

Dutton, Reginald John Garfield
Dutton Speedwords Dictionary
London: Dutton Publications, 1951 [4th edition] (64 p.)

Dyer, Frederick William
The lingualumina or language of light
London: 1875, 1889 (27 p.)
[a philosophical language]

Elgin, Suzette Haden
A first dictionary and grammar of Láadan
Society for Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science Fiction, 1988
499.99088
[a language with feminist overtones, created for a fictitious culture]

Freudenthal, Hans
Lincos: design of a language for cosmic intercourse
Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1960 (224 p.)
PM 8508.F7
[a symbolic language for making first contact with extra-terrestrials]
held by more than 200 libraries!

Groves, Edward
Pasilogia: an essay towards the formation of a system of universal language,
both written and vocal; with suggestions for its dissemination throughout the world:
including a succinct review of the principal systems of similar character heretofore published London and Dublin: 1846 (120+ p.)
held by a few libraries

Guardiola, José
Kosmal idioma, gramatika uti nove prata kiamso Orba
Paris: 1893 (96 p.)
PM 8706.5 G8
[numbers 1-10: u, du, tre, kat, hin, sei, set, ot, nou, sen.]

Hankes, Elmer Joseph
Enterprises of great pith and moment: a proposal for a universal second language
Minneapolis: Camilla Pub., 1982 (100 p.)
PM 8008.H34

Hankes, Elmer Joseph (1913- )
Ehmay ghee chah: a universal second language: preliminary edition
Minneapolis: Hankes Foundation, 1992 (170 p.)
ISBN 0-925837-10-5

Letellier, C. L. A.
Application de la theorie du langage qui donne naissance a la langue universelle,
aux signes representatifs de la parole par l'ecriture stenographique
Paris: 1854
Century Bookbindery, 1983 (reprint; 539 p.)

Letellier, C.
Course complete de langue universelle
volume 1: Grammaire, 2nd edn 1861 (56+372 p.)
volume 2: Radicaux (13+466 p.)
volume 3: Applications aux sciences (515+ p.)
volume 4: Applications aux lettres, 1855 (539+ p.)
[ege = father, egi = son, ego = brother]

Lodowyck, Francis
The ground-work, or foundation, laid (or so intended) for the framing of
a new perfect language and an vniversal or commonwriting: and presented
to the consideration of the learned London, 1652
Scolar Press reprint, 1968 (23+ p.)
[on microfilm from University Microfilms International, 1983]
PM 8008.L6
the 1968 reprint is held by many libraries

Meriggi, Cesare
Blaia Zimondal, lingua universal
Fusi: Pavia, 1884 (247 p.)
[a philosophical language]

Nicolas, Adolphe Charles Antoine Marie (1833- )
Spokil. Langue internationale. Grammaire, exercises, les deux dictionnaires
Paris: Maloine, 1904 (272+ p.)
[numbers 1 through 10: ba, ge, di, vo, mu, fa, te, ki, po, nu. Paternoster: Mael nio, kui vai o les zeal; Aepseno lezai tio mita. Veze lezai tio tsaeleda. Feleno lezai tio bela, uti o zeal itu o geol.]

Okamoto, Fuishiki
Universal auxiliary language Babm
Tokyo: 1962 (144 p.)
PM 8090.O42x
[a philosophical language using roman letters as a syllabary]
held by many libraries

Sacks, Daniel
Cacone, a universal approach to universal communication
St. Louis: 1960 (17 p.)
[specimen: Mede Ra Rafa Uy Ca Eyay. Yiegpil Di Co Di Medel Eoao Di Minieg Nino.]
held by a few libraries

Sainz Lopez-Negrete, Luis
Falu Lusane : lusane gamato : lusane-sepane-potune-negune palobuko
Mexico: Edamex, 1988 (3rd edition)
PM 8597.S3x
[a language named Lusane, with an a posteriori vocabulary in which borrowed words are modified so that all syllables are Consonant-Vowel]

Scarisbrick, Joseph
Lips Kith, a world language
Trowbridge: Lansdown, 1919 (141 p.)
held by a few libraries

Searight, Kenneth
Sona, an auxiliary neutral language
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935
held by a few libraries
The full text of the book is online; Google it.

Selbor, L.
Estudio filologico sobre lengua universal
Madrid: 1888 (84 p.)
PM 8504
[a philosophical language]

Serafini, Luigi
Codex seraphinianus
New York: Abbeville Press, 1983 (250 p.)
PN 6381.S4
[An encyclopedia of an alternate universe, perhaps, written in an unknown script and illustrated with color drawings. Various editions have been published. Expensive, but usually available on the used book market.]

Shaftesbury, Edmund
The Adam-Man Tongue: the universal language of the human race
Washington: Ralston Publishing, 1903 (620 p.)
held by Luther College [Iowa] and Washington University [Missouri]

Smith, A. C. H. (1935- )
Orghast at Persepolis, an international experiment in theatre
New York: Viking, 1972
[a play written by poet Ted Hughes, reportedly included a fictitious language]
readily available from used book dealers

Sotos Ochando, Bonifacio
Proyecto y ensayo de una lengua universal y filosofica
Madrid: 1851, 2nd edn. 1852 (112 p.)
[a philosophical language; numbers 1 through 5: siba, sibe, sibi, sibo, sibu; `A' designates material things: Aba = element, Ababa = oxygen, Ababe = hydrogen]
Ochando's works are sometimes available through rare book dealers at a high price

Sotos Ochando, Bonifacio
Projet d'une langue universel
Paris: Lecoffre, 1855 (270+ p.)

Streiff, M. [pseudonym: St. de Max]
Le Bopal, essai de langue universelle
Paris: Val et Baudry, 1887 (54 p.)
[gal = terre, galop = continent, galopar = habitant de la terre]

Talundberg, Mannus
Perio, eine auf Logik und Gedaechtniskunst aufgebaute Weltsprache
Elberfeld: 1904 (114 p.)
[nama = large, nima = small; dafo = morning, difo = evening]

Urquhart, Thomas (1611-1660)
Logopandectesion, or an introduction to the universal language
London: 1651, 1653
Menston: Scolar Press facsimile reprint, 1970 (40+ p.)
PM 8008.U7

Wainscott, Elisabeth
UNI, the new international language
Cleveland: Uniline Co., 1975 (345 p.)
PM 8903.W3
ISBN: 0912904011
[mixed type; all nouns have 3 letters]
held by many libraries

Wald, Max
Weltsprache Pan-kel, die leichteste und kürzeste Sprache
Gross-Beeren: 1907 (45 p.)
[specimen: Sai fat in ski, y sanu so nam, so land komu, so viy apsu up glob l sky. Numbers 1-5: en, do, tri, fir, fif.]

Wald, Max
Pan-kel, leichteste Kurzsprache für den Weltverkehr
Gross-Beeren: 1909 (92 p.)

Weilgart, W. John (1913- )
aUI: the language of space
Decorah (Iowa): Cosmic Communications Company, 1974, 1979
PM 8008.W4
[an a priori language with only 31 root-words and an iconic alphabet]
held by many libraries

Yetter, Robert N.
Lalortel radicarum and introduction
Susquehanna (Pennsylvania): 1959 (22 p.)
PM 8450.Y6
held by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

A "pasigraphy" is a scheme for conveying information by means of symbols such as ideograms or hieroglyphs. Some authors have believed that a pasigraphic system would make an ideal international language, although most schemes of this type only exist in written form; there is no way to converse in them. Also in this category are "number languages" which use numerals instead of sounds or symbols to convey information.

Bliss, Charles Kasiel
Semantography, a non-alphabetical symbol-writing readable in all languages
Sydney: Institute for Semantography, 1949 (700 p.)
held by several libraries

Bliss, Charles Kasiel
Semantography (Blissymbolics), a simple system of 100 logical pictorial symbols,
which can be operated and read like 1+2=3 in all languages
Sydney: Semantography Publications, 1965
Z 102.B55
held by many libraries

Helfman, Elizabeth
Blissymbolics: Speaking Without Speech
New York: Putnam, 1980; Elsevior/Nelson Books, 1981 (152 p.)
held by hundreds of libraries

Owram, Leesa
Introducing blissymbolics: a guide for parents & friends of symbol users
Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute, 1982
held by several libraries

Silverman, Harry & McNaughton, Shirley & Kates, Barbara
Handbook of blissymbolics
Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute, 1978
held by several libraries

Becher-Spirensis, Johann Joachim
Character pro notitia linguarum universali inventum steganographicum...
Frankfurt: 1661
Z 102.B39

Beck, Cave
The universal character, by which all the nations in the world may understand
   one anothers conceptions, reading out of one common writing in their own
   mother tongues; an invention of general use, the practice whereof may be
   attained in two hours space, observing the grammatical directions, which
   character is so contrived, that it may be spoken as well as written
London: William Weekley, 1657
on microfilm from University Microfilms, 1981
held by many libraries
[A code based on the Arabic numerals and a few letters, made “universal” by translating the key into any desired language.]

Charteris, Leslie
Paleneo, a universal sign language
London: Hodder & Stoughton / Interlit A. G., 1972 (150 p.)
P 135.C47
ISBN: 0340164549
held by several libraries

Dalgarno, George (1626?-1687)
Ars signorum, vulgo character universalis et lingua philosophica
London: J. Hayes, 1661
Menston: Scolar Press facsimile reprint, 1968
PM 8563.D3
held by a few libraries

Drolet, Cindy
Unipix: universal language of pictures
Imaginart, 1982 (58 p.)
[designed so that tourists can point at the drawings to communicate their ideas]
ISBN: 0960946403
held by a few libraries

Effel, Jean
Avant-projet pour une ecriture universelle
Paris: 1968 (40 p.)
P 135.E35

Ertl, A.
Das Babylonische Rätsel welches uns zeigt, dass sich alle
Völker untereinander verständigen könnten
Graz: Druck Leykam, 1924 (362 p.)

Haag, Karl
Versuch einer graphischen Sprache auf logischer grundlage
Stuttgart: 1902 (69+ p.)
408.9 H111v

Jones, Rowland (1722-1774)
Hieroglyfic: or, a grammatical introduction to an universal hieroglyfic language
London: John Hughs, 1768
Scholar Press, 1972 (reprint)
held by many libraries

Linzbach, J.
Transcendant algebra. Ideographie matematical. Experiment de un lingue filosofic.
Reval: 1921 (32 p.)

Neurath, Otto
International picture language; the first rules of Isotype
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1936 (117 p.)
held by many libraries

Neurath, Otto
International picture language: a facsimile reprint of the [1936] English edition
Reading: University of Reading, 1980 (70 p.)
PM 8999
held by several libraries

Rieger, W. [Riegler?]
Weltkorrespondenz auf Grundlage der Ziffern-Grammatik
Graz: Styria, 1905 (2nd edition, 196+ p.)

Rossmann, K.
Gesammelte Aufsätze und Zusammenstellungen zur Entwicklung der Sinnschrift
Tutzing: 1955

Stewart, Charles
New universal cipher language: international correspondence by means of numbers
London: 1874

Wilkins, John (1614-1672)
An essay toward a real character and a philosophical language
London: Gellibrand & Martin, 1668
P 101.W4

A language is classified as a posteriori when most of its vocabulary is taken from already-existing sources such as natural languages or other constructed languages.

The English language already has some of the characteristics which many people consider desirable in an international auxiliary language, such as a relatively simple grammar and a vocabulary taken from diverse sources. Unfortunately, English also has its share of irregularities, particulary in its orthography (spelling). Many proposals have been published suggesting that English should be modified in various ways for use as a global auxiliary language. Designing such changes is easier than getting widespread support for them.

C.K. (Charles Kay) Ogden and his comrade I.A. (Ivor Armstrong) Richards designed and promoted Basic English. Basic uses a controlled vocabulary of 850 common words to express everyday ideas and allows one to use a limited number of specialized terms in technical or literary works. Fans of Basic English can be found on the web at basiceng.com and on other pages that you can locate with a search engine.

Ogden and Richards wrote a staggering number of books and most of their works are held by numerous libraries around the world. Instead of listing their works separately (alphabetical by author), I have arranged this section chronologically.

Ogden, C. K.
Basic English, a general introduction with rules and grammar
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1930

Ogden, C. K.
The basic vocabulary, a statistical analysis, with special reference
to substitution and translation
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1930

Ogden, C. K. Debabelization, with a survey of contemporary opinion on the problem
of a universal language
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931
held by many libraries

Ogden, C. K.
Brighter Basic; examples of Basic English for young persons of taste and feeling
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931

Ogden, C. K.
The Basic words, a detailed account of their uses
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932
held by many libraries

Ogden, C. K.
The Basic dictionary, being the 7,500 most useful words with their equivalents in Basic English
for the use of translators, teachers and students
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932

Ogden, C. K.
The A B C of Basic English (in Basic)
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932

Steed, Henry & Ogden, C. K.
International talks in Basic English
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932

Ogden, C. K.
Stories from the Bible put into Basic English
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933

Ogden, Charles Kay
The system of Basic English
New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934
held by hundreds of libraries

Ogden, C. K. & Hugon, Paul D. & Lockhart, L. W.
Basic English versus the artificial languages
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1935

Richards, I. A.
Basic in teaching: East and West
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1935
held by many libraries

Ogden, C. K.
Basic English: a general introduction with rules and grammar
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubnerand Co., 1937 (6th edition)

Ogden, C. K. & Richards, I. A.
Times of India guide to Basic English
Bombay: The Times of India Press, 1938

Ogden, C. K.
The general Basic English dictionary
New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1942 (441 p.)
held by many libraries

Richards, I. A.
Basic English and its uses
London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1943
held by many libraries

Plato & Richards, I. A.
The Republic of Plato, a new version founded on Basic English
New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1942
held by many libraries

Richards, I. A.
The pocket book of basic English: a self-teaching way into English ...
New York: Pocket Books, 1945

Richards, I. A. & Gibson, Christine M.
Learning Basic English, a practical handbook for English-speaking people
New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1945
held by many libraries

Hooke, S. H. [editor]
The Basic Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments in Basic English
Cambridge: The University Press, 1949

Ogden, C. K.
Basic English: international second language
New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968
held by many libraries

Ogden, C. K.
The general basic English dictionary, giving more than 40,000 senses
of over 20,000 words, in basic English
[London]: Evans 1970

Gordon, W. Terrence
C. K. Ogden: a bio-bibilographic study
Metuchen, N.J.-London: Scarecrow Press, 1990
ISBN 0810823179

Ogden, C. K.
Counter-Offensive, an exposure of certain misrepresentations of Basic English
Thoemmes Press [1999] (466 p.)
ISBN: 1855067706

Adams, Charles Clinton (1927- )
Boontling: an American lingo
University of Texas Press, 1971, ISBN: 0292700822
Mountain House Press, 1990, ISBN: 0939665050
[a deliberately-modified dialect of English formerly spoken in California]
readily available from used book dealers

Bell, Alexander Melville
World English, the universal language
New York & London: 1888 (29 p.)
held by many libraries

Fiumedoro, Ali
Aligrams. Also in world Sistemizd English.
Boston: 1969 (71 p.)
held by Brown University Library

Foulk, Ruby Olive
Amxrikai Spek
New York: Little and Ives Co., 1937 (218 p.)
PE 1151.F65
held by many libraries

Foulk, Ruby Olive
U.S. (rited in Amerikan Spek)
New York: 1940 (32 p.)
PE 1152.F64
held by several libraries

Hale, Horatio
An international idiom, a manual of the Oregon trade language
or “Chinook jargon” London: 1890 (63 p.)
held by many libraries

Halliner, A.
Anjelika. The English language, transformed into phonetic orthography
Turlock: 1929 (174 p.)
PE 1150.H3

Hamilton, J. W.
World or Cosmo-English: a proposal to simplify English as
the international auxiliary language for the world
St. Paul, Minnesota: 1928 (14 p.)
[supports the idea of simplifying English but makes no specific proposals]

Hamilton, James Woodburn (1866- )
Papers 1911-1939
[in Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. “Correspondence, manuscripts and printed matter concerning Cosmos English, a proposal to simplify English as the international auxiliary language.”]

Hogben, Lancelot
Essential World English
W. W. Norton, 1963
428.3 H715e / PE 1073 .H6
held by many libraries

Jones, Rowland
The circles of Gomer, or an essay towards an investigation and introduction
of English as an universal language upon the first principles of speech,
according to its hieroglyphic signs, argrafic, archetypes, and superior
pretensions to originality ...
London: S. Crowder, 1771
Menston: Scolar Press reprint, 1970, ISBN: 0854174230
held by many libraries

Meissner, Lawrence
ANZE: simple spelling, simple grammar, simple numbers
Saint Helens [Oregon]: 1965
PE 1150.M45
held by many libraries

Paulsen, Victor Perry (1909- )
Torskript: a practical form of written communication for English-speaking
people of all nations
San Francisco: 1963 (44 p.)

Ware, Eugene Fitch (1841-1911)
The Glan-ik: a trade language, based upon the English...
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906 (128 p.)
[based on mono-syllabic English words]
held by several libraries

Zachrisson, Robert Eugen
Anglic, an international language, with a survey of English spelling reform
Uppsala: 1932
College Park, Maryland: McGrath, 1970 [reprint] (88 p.)
PE 1151.A3
ISBN: 0843401230
[reformed spelling; includes references to many similar projects]
held by many libraries

Zachrisson, Robert Eugen
An English pronouncing dictionary and spelling-list in Anglic
Uppsala, Stockholm: 1933
held by several libraries

After the fall of the Roman empire, Latin served as an international language throughout Europe for many centuries. Over the years, many proposals have been published advocating the use of Latin (original or simplified) as an international auxiliary language. Perhaps the most successful project of this type was Giuseppe Peano's Latino sine flexione, which enjoyed some popularity in the first half of the 20th century and still has a few supporters.

Basso, Ugo
Vocabulario internationale Interlingua - English - Francais - Italiano
Ventimiglia: Revista Universale, 1913 (272+ p.)
[Latino sine flexione]

Beermann, Ernst
Die internationale Hilfssprache Novilatin
Leipzig: Dietrich & Weicher, 1907 (212+ p.)
PM 8683.B4
[specimen: Oh tempores, oh mores! I senat sensa lie, i konsulo vidi lie; tamne isto vivi!]

Dominicus, Richardius
SPL: an international language based on simplified Latin
Wisconsin: Dominicus Publishing, 1982 (237 p.)
PM 8815.D66
held by a few libraries

Frandsen, E.
Grammatik des Universal-Latein (Neu-Latein)
Wien: Insel, 1902 (47 p.)

Henderson, G.
Phoenix and the revival of Latin as the international language
London: 1902

Houghton, Stephen Chase
The master language, Magistri, the international language
San Jose [California]: Paraiso Press, 1929 (27 p.)
108.8 H814m
held by a few libraries
text of a 1907 edition online at www.smart.net/~bartlett/master.html

Isly, Fred
Langue Isly, linguum Islianum
Paris: Richard, 1901 (32+ p.)
[specimen: Cujus appetat bonum alienum, amittat merito proprium bonum.]

Kent, Roland G. (1877- )
Latin as the international auxiliary language
Princeton: American Classical League, 1922 (31 p.)
PA 2912.K4
held by a few libraries

Martellotta, Vito
Latinulus: grammaticas de latinula linguas
Bari: 1919 (155+ p.)
[specimen: Leos abeo crassa capus circumdata cum longa et ticca comas de fulva colos.]

Migliorni, B.
Esperanto kaj Interlingua
S. Vito al Tagliamento: 1924
[Latino sine flexione]

Möser, Wilfrid [pseudonym: Austriacus]
Halblatein (Semilatin), ein neues Weltsprache-Projekt
Wien: 1910
[specimen: Sone oculos nos non po videre, sone aures nos non po audire.]

Möser, W.
Interlingua in forma di Semilatin illustrad per cento exemplo
Linz: 1921 (35 p.)

Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932)
Vocabulario de latino internationale, comparato cum Anglo, Franco,
Germano, Hispano, Italo, Russo, Graeco et Sanscrito
Torino: 1904

Peano, Giuseppe
Interlingua
Cavoretto -- Turin: 1927 (24 p.)
[Latino sine flexione. specimen: Linguas de Europa, ab Anglo ad Italo, ab Hispano ad Russo, habe magno vocabulario commune, cum origine in Latino, in Graeco, in Indo-europaeo.]

Pompiati, Karl
Die neue Weltsprache : Nov Latin Logui
Wien: Jasper, 1918 (120 p.)
[specimen: O maisen parento, kvi ess in zoeli, vun nomi sagitu.]

Volk, A. & Fuchs, R.
Die Weltsprache. Entworfen auf Grundlage des Lateinischen
Berlin: Kuhl, 1883 (104 p.)
[specimen: Not pater vel sas in les cöles, ton nomen sanctöt.]

In 1907 an academic committee was formed to consider the merits of various planned languages and to endorse the one they liked most. During the deliberations they received the text of an Esperanto reform project which eventually came to be known by the pseudonym of its authors, “Ido” (an Esperanto suffix meaning “offspring”). After the “delegates” had disbanded, their secretary published a report saying they had unanimously endorsed the Ido reforms– which may or may not be what actually happened. Esperantists had expected to get an unqualified endorsement and were quite annoyed when things didn't go their way.

Ido seems to have enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1908 and 1930 but it still has a few active supporters. There are a few web pages and e-mail forums written in Ido. Some Ido books can be obtained by mail-order from the Uniono por la Lingua Internaciona (Ido). On the web, go to www.idolinguo.com, select English, and go to the "catalogue of Ido books."

de Beaufront, Louis
Complete manual of the auxiliary language Ido
London: Pitman, 1919 (194+ p.)
held by numerous libraries

Carlevaro, Tazio + Haupenthal, Reinhard
Bibliografio di Ido
Saarbrücken: 1999 (194 p.)
ISBN 3932807049 / 8887282013

Dyer, Luther H.
The problem of an international auxiliary language and its solution in Ido
London: Pitman, 1923 (171 p.)
held by several libraries

Hugon, Paul D.
Practical grammar and exercises
London: Pitman, 1908 (123+ p.)
held by several libraries

Talmey, Max
Ido: exhaustive textbook of the international language of the Delegation
New York: Ido Press, 1919 (113+ p.)
PM 8392.T2
held by several libraries

Edgar de Wahl (1867-1948), sometimes called Edgar von Wahl, was the creator of Occidental. After dabbling in Volapük, Idiom Neutral and Esperanto, he designed a naturalistic language project called Auli in 1909. In 1922 he published his new system Occidental, which changed its name to Interlingue in 1947. The journal Cosmoglotta, written entirely in Occidental, published 269 editions from 1922 to 1972. In Internationale Plansprachen (1985), Detlev Blanke estimated that the current number of Interlingue enthusiasts was less than 100; the number appears to be even smaller now. A sample of the language: Interlingue, li modern lingue international, es basat sur li vocabules international, conosset sur li tot terra. Su pronunciation es natural, su grammatic es simplic e regular.

Some books about this project were published but they have become almost impossible to find. The cornerstone documents were:

The word “interlingua” has many meanings. It can refer to an intermediate “pivot language” used in a computerized translation system. Peano's modified Latin language, Latino sine flexione, was also called Interlingua, as were several euroclones. The literature listed below deals with yet another language called Interlingua; it was created mainly by Dr. Alexander Gode (1900-1970), partly based upon the research of the International Auxiliary Language Association.

Interlingua was designed to be easy to read by anyone who had studied one of the “Romance” languages. After its initial publication, Interlingua was used to print summaries of articles in scientific journals and received some favorable mentions in the mainstream press for a couple of decades.

A specimen of Interlingua text, written by Gode, shows that he did not believe in the idea of a universal language: Io mantene que le idea de un lingua commun pro tote le humanitate, secundo le definition usual, es un conception false, e al plus solo utile a exponer, quasi in un museo, como exemplo de un certe typo de aberration intellectual in le qual nostre patres e nostre avos se perdeva a causa de lor appoiamento enthusiastics del positivismo rationalistic.

You can find some Interlingua enthusiasts at www.interlingua.com. Many books and pamphlets are available for purchase there.

Dalton, Ric
The anatomy of a failure: Interlingua analysed
Leeds: Publishers Betaland House, 1992 (81 p.)
[critique of Interlingua's grammar and propaganda]
gnu-zip textfile available by ftp in four parts: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Gode, Alexander et al.
Interlingua - English, a dictionary of the international language
New York: Ungar, 1951 / New York: 1971 (2nd edition)
PM 8400.I5
held by more than 200 libraries

Gode, Alexander & Blair, Hugh E.
Interlingua, a grammar of the international language
New York: Storm, 1951, 1955 / New York: 1971 (2nd edition)
held by more than 200 libraries

Gopsill, F. P. & Sexton, B. C.
Concise English-Interlingua dictionary
Sheffield: British Interlingua Society, 1987 (282 p.)
499.993

Gopsill, F. P.
Interlingua today, a course for beginners
British Interlingua Society, 1994 (270 + 32 p.)
ISBN 1-898017-01-8

Sexton, Brian C.
English-Interlingua: a basic vocabulary
Sheffield: British Interlingua Society, 1978
PM 8400

Glosa

Glosa is loosely derived from Lancelot Hogben's Interglossa. The earliest version of Glosa consisted of 1000 Greek words taken from scientific terminology. Later versions of the Glosa vocabulary contain a mixture of Latin and Greek words, making Glosa look more similar to many other pan-European language projects. Glosa is distinctively isolating; all grammatical functions are performed by invariant particles and syntax.

A sample of Glosa text: Komo merca alo vendo u ciela, u kalori de u landa? Un idea perplexi na. (“How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to us.”)

Glosa enthusiasts are on the web at www.glosa.org. Some of their books and pamphlets are available on-line and others can be ordered from their catalog.

Ashby, Wendy & Clark, Ronald
Glosa 6000: 6000 Greek and Latin words and roots which occur
in the Euro-languages and international scientific terminology
London: 1983 (48 p.)
ISBN 0946540144
held by several libraries

Ashby, Wendy & Clark, Ronald
Glosa 1000
Richmond [Surrey]: Glosa, 1984
held by a few libraries

Ashby, Wendy
18 steps to fluency in Euro-Glosa
Glosa, 1989 (2nd edition)
held by a few libraries

The term “euroclones” refers to those language projects that closely resemble Ido or Interlingua or a hybrid of the two. These projects are numerous and are virtually indistinguishable from one another, although connoisseurs claim they can tell the difference.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries dozens of euroclone projects were published in book and booklet form. Few of those are available now and we suspect some of them have become extinct (having zero surviving copies in the world today). Stojan's Bibliografio and the Dulichenko book list many of those forgotten projects.

On the Internet, the auxlang mailing list is one place to find many people who are crazy about euroclones.

Below I have listed only those books and booklets that occasionally flicker into sight in the used book market or the inter-library computer networks, those which I believe are traded in photocopy form among euroclone enthusiasts, or those which were published after 1970 and are therefore likely to be surviving in private collections somewhere.

Alfandari, Arturo
Rapid method of Neo
1966 (402 p.)
PM 8670.A43
held by several libraries

Amador, Manuel E.
Fundaments of Panamane
Pueblo Nuevo, Panama: Imprenta Barcelona, 1936 (435 p.)
held by a few libraries
[specimen: Sty máhle le movos rejine sa maskáruh da mendikánte = this time the wicked queen disguised herself as a beggar.]

Beatty, Wilbur M. L.
Qosmiani the new international language
Washington: 1922 (324 p.)
PM 8741.B4
held by several libraries [specimen: Qwuq sensip te al dolori = Where do you feel a pain?]

Cardenas, C.
Hom-idyomo - proyecto de lengua auxiliar internacional
Wien: Manz, 1921 (324+ p.)
[specimen: Mi opiniay ke la projekto no estay kompleta.]

Cardenas, C.
Hom-idyomo: Outline of an auxiliary international language
without declinations and absolutely phonetic
Leipzig: Fischer & Wittig, 1923 (376+ p.)
408.9 C178h
held by many libraries

Colas, Claudius (1884- ) [pseudonym: Esperema]
L' Adjuvilo
Paris: Gamber, 1910 (32+ p.)
[sample: Patro nosa qua estan en cielos, santa esten tua nomo.]

van Bijlevelt, W. Bonto
Woordenboek en spraakkunst voor de Neutrale Taal
Haarlem: 1903, 1904 (471 p.)
[Idiom Neutral]

Greenwood, Frederick
Ulla, t ulo lingua ä otrs
London: Miller & Gill, 1906
[specimen: Vus Patra hoo este n ciela, sankted este dus noma.]

Grevor, James Y.
Donne Quichotte, retrato in North American
Variegation Publishing Co., 1966 (59 p.)
PM 8679.G7
[A blend of French, English, and Spanish. specimen: Tengo que hallar this fountainhead d'ou tout l'esprit, la valentia, la delicadeza, in a word el encanto de Don Quijote.]

Hartl, Alois (1859-1944)
Auf zur spracheinheit! oder Lehrbuch der Perfektsprache
Linz: 1909, 1910
[Lingua Perfect. Specimen: Alio dramas social deb essere considerat ab illos qui occupa se ad colonizazion.]

Heimer, Helge Waldemar (1890- )
Mondial, an international language.
Lund: 1947
PM 8630.H45
[sample: Il alumavi imediatemente un bon cigar, que il comenzavi da fumar con visible satisfacion.]

Holmes
Dictionary of the Neutral language: Neutral-English & English-Neutral
Rochester, N. Y.: John Smitt, 1903 (304+ p.)
[Idiom Neutral]

Jespersen, Otto
An international language
New York: Norton, 1928 (196 p.)
PM 8685.J4
[Novial]

Jespersen, Otto
Novial lexike : international dictionary, dictionnaire international...
Heidelberg: 1930 (251 p.)
PM 8685

Jones, Leslie
Eurolengo, the language for Europe
Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Oriel Press, 1972 (120 p.)
499.99
ISBN:0853621403
held by several libraries

Liptay, Alberto
La lengua católica
Paris: Roger & Chernoviz, 1890
PM 8008.L5
[numbers 1-10: un, dve, tre, quator, quin, six, sept, oct, nov, dece.]

Liptay, Albert
Langue catholique. Projet d'un idiome international sans constr. grammaticale
Paris: Bouillon, 1892 (290+ p.)

Lott, Julius (1845-1905)
Eine Compromiss-Sprache als beste und einfachste Losung...
Wien: 1889 (32 p.)
[Mundolingue. Sample: Le posibilita de un universal lingue pro le civilisat nations ne esse dubitabil.]

Magyar, Zoltán
a Romanid nyelv rövid nyelvtana
Debrecen: 1958
[specimen: Moy lingva project nominad Romanid fu publicad ja in may de pasad ano cam scientific studium in hungar lingva...]

Michaux, Alfred [pseudonym: Boningue, A. M.]
Romanal - metode de international lingue
Boulogne-sur-Mer: Boningue, 1909 (44 p.)
[sample: Patro nostri qui est en cieles, sanctificat estas nomine tui.]

Mitrovich, Paul
Esay de un Intersistemal vocabular de auxilar lingves
Sarajevo: 1955, 1959
[sample: Mi vad in-curte informat Vos in qual mod mi comenced to interesmi in li problem de un inter-lingve.]

Obana, Yosio (1899-1991)
Pacez (Lingue por Pace)
Tokyo (?): 1983
[Specimen: voyel-sufixi esá sufixi consistand des 11 voyeli, qui definá a parloparti ou a conjugasion de verbi.]

Riehm, R. [pseudonym: Pleyer, Mario]
Unitario : Entwurf einer Universalsprache
Bensheim: Unitario Press, 1989 (214 p.)
ISBN 3-9802167-1-3

Riehm, R. [pseudonym: Pleyer, Mario]
Unitario per medio de picturoyn
Bensheim: Unitario Press, 1990 (126 p.)
ISBN 3-9802167-5-6
[specimen: la flamo della cutsino estas caliente; la akva in la caserola tambjen estas caliente.]

Rosenberger, Woldermar
Woerterbuch der neutral-sprache Idiom Neutral
Leipzig: Haberland, 1902 (314+ p.)
[sample: Nostr patr kel es in sieli! Ke votr nom es sanktifiked.]

Rosenberger, Woldermar
Lehrgang der praktischen Weltsprache Reform-Neutral
Zurich - Leipzig: 1912
[sample: El Reform-Neutral es un lingue artificiel multe convenabl pro relationi international.]

de Saussure, René
Fundamento de la internacia lingvo Esperantida
Bern: Pres. Buechler, 1919 (1st edition, 83 p.)
Neuchatel: Forum, 1922 (164+ p.)
[sample: Por homo vere civilizita, filozofo or yuristo, la kono de la latina linguo estas dezirebla...]

de Saussure, René [pseudonym: Antido]
Fundamenta krestomatio de la internacia lingvo Nov-Esperanto
Bern: 1925, 1926 (48 p.), 1928 (40+ p.)
[specimen: La feino. Una vidvino avis du filinun. La pli olday estis ti simila al la patrino per sia karaktero ey vizajo...]

de Saussure, René
Esperanto II
Bern: 1939
[specimen: La floron estas la mara muskon, la algon ey la kolora konkon trovata sur la fondo de la gulfeton dezerta.]

Vengerov, V.
Omo - jazyk celoveka ucebnik vsemirnogo jazyka
Sverdlovsk: 1926 (244 p.)
[specimen: Tak mi diras noh un mal, ke qio lomo devas parley ome, qor vere ‘loma’ lingvo inter tuta cetera lingvi...]

Weferling, Erich
Standard Gramatik del International Auksiliari Linguo - INTAL
Braunschweig: 1968 (36 p.), 1970 (34 p.), 1978 (38 p.)
PM 8409.W4

This section includes a posteriori projects that don't fit into the above categories, as well as some items that I cannot classify with certainty because I have not had an opportunity to examine them and few details are available.

Baumann, Adalbert
Wede, die Verständigungssprache der Zentralmächte
Diessen vor München: 1915 (31 p.)
[simplified German]

Bollack, Leon
La Langue Bleue Bolak: langue internationale pratique
Paris: 1899 (480+ p.)
[numbers 1 through 10: ven, dov, ter, far, kel, gab, yep, lok, nif, dis. Paternoster: Nea per ev seri in sil! Vea nom ey santigui! Vea regu ey komi! Vea vil ey makui in sil, so il greo!]

Bollack, Leon [translated by Tischer]
Abridged grammar of the Blue Language
Paris: Pres. Dupont, 1900 (64 p.)
PM 8103
held by several libraries

Gavidia, Francisco
Gramatica de idioma Salvador o sea un posible lenguaje internacional
San Salvador: 1909
[based on Spanish]

de la Grasserie, Raoul
Langue internationale pacifiste ou Apolema
Paris: Leroux, 1907 (217+ p.)
[specimen: Mi ecan orexia calo, mi tsanan apo lima = j'ai bon appetit, je meurs de faim.]

Henderson, George J. [pseudonym: Hoinix, P.]
Anglo-Franca, an compromis language for the facilitation of international communication
London: Trubner, 1889 (48 p.)
[sample: The peuples of the Orient trouv they selfs in an embarras encore more grand wen they voul to entam commercial relations with Europe.]

Herkel, J.
Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae
Budae [Budapest]: 1826 (164 p.)
[Lingua Slavica Universalis; specimen: Za starego vieku byla jedna kralica, koja mala tri prelepije dievice: milicu, krasicu a mudricu...]

Hogben, Lancelot T. (1895- )
Interglossa: a draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order,
being an attempt to apply semantic principles to language design
Penguin, 1943 (285 p.)
PM 8398.H6
[sample: Fe acte grapho auto nomino in bibli.]
held by many libraries

Hosek, Ignác (1852-1919)
Grammatik der Neuslavischen Sprache
Kremsier: 1907 (131 p.)
491.8 H79g

Jaque, R. Stewart
One language
Santa Barbara: J. F. Rowny Press, 1944 (64 p.)
PM 8706.J3
[the language is called Olingo]
held by several libraries

Mistrik, Jozef
Basic Slovak
Bratislava: Slovenske Pedagogicke Nakladatel'stvo, 1985, 1989
[we're not certain that this is a constructed language project]

Molee, Elias (1845- )
Plea for an American language or Germanic-English, with a grammar, reader and vocabulary
Chicago: John Anderson, 1888 (304 p.)

Molee, Elias
Germanik English: a scheme for uniting the English and German languages
Bristol: 1889 (64 p.)
PM 8862.M65

Molee, Elias
Tutonish or Anglo-German union tongue
Chicago: Scroll Publishing Co., 1902 (208 p.)
PM 8862.M73
held by several libraries
[specimen: Vio fadr hu bi in hevn, holirn bi dauo nam, dauo reik kom, dauo vil bi dun an erd, as it bi in hevn.]

Molee, Elias
Tutonish: a teutonic international language
Tacoma: 1904 (96 p.)
held by several libraries

Molee, Elias
Nu teutonish, an international union language
Tacoma: 1906 (128 p.)
held by 30+ libraries

Molee, Elias
Alteutonik (a union tongue for all teutons)
Tacoma: 1915 (48 p.)
408.92 M732a
held by several libraries

O'Connor, Charles Leo
American, the new Pan-American language
Buffalo [New York]: Hausauer-Jones, 1917 (87 p.)

Pham Xuan Thai
Frater (lingua sistemfrater)
Saigon: Tu-Hai, 1957 (275 p.)
PM 8568.P45
[pan-Asian grammar, pan-European vocabulary]

de Rudelle, Lucien
Pantos Dimou Glossa (ou Cosmoglossa), grammaire primitive d'une langue commune a tous les peuples...
Bordeaux: Crugy, 1859 (68+ p.)
[vocabulary based on Latin, Greek, and the Romance languages. The definite article has 30 different inflected forms. Numbers 1-10: ono, dyo, tro, tetro, pento, ekso, epto, okto, nono, deko. specimen: Potere no konsolar dzam kalipsoa dol eksito did Ylise.]
hard to find

Steiner, Paul
Summary of the universal language Pasilingua
Neuwied: 1900 (35 p.)
[specimen: Patro miso, quo er in coela, nama tüa sanctore.]
held by University of Oxford

Talmey, Max (1867- )
Arulo, text book of the universal language, with exercises...
New York: Ilo Press, 1925 (48 p.)
PM 8085.T3
held by a few libraries

Bibliography of Planned Languages (excluding Esperanto)

10th Anniversary Edition

contents

Introduction

Interlinguistics

a priori and Mixed Languages

Volapük

Logical Languages

Klingon

Ro

Solresol

Suma

Others

Pasigraphies and Number Languages

Blissymbolics

Others

a posteriori Languages

English and Modified English

Basic English

Others

Latin and Modified Latin

Ido

Occidental-Interlingue

Interlingua

Glosa

Minor Euroclones

Other a posteriori Languages